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Grasshoppers: Their Biology Identification and Management.
User Handbook.

Table of Contents

Foreword / Acknowledgments / Introduction
Section I. Biological Control
Section II. Chemical Control
Section III. Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation
Section IV. Modeling and Population Dynamics
Section V. Rangeland Management
Section VI. Decision Support Tools
Section VII. Future Directions
Appendixes
- Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers
- Grasshopper Species Fact Sheets
 

Introduction

  •  

Foreword - Richard L. Dunkle and Craig A. Reed

  •  

Acknowledgments - Gary L. Cunningham and Mike W. Sampson

  •  

Introduction - Gary L. Cunningham

Section I. Biological Control, provides an overview of grasshopper biological control agents and discusses their potential as management tools.

  •  

I.1 Biological Control: An Introduction - D. A. Streett

  •  

I.2 Nosema locustae - D. A. Streett

  •  

I.3 Laboratory Bioassays of Nosema locustae - Michael B. Hildreth, Chris W. Brey, Billy W. Fuller, and R. Nelson Foster

  •  

I.4 Utility of Nosema locustae in the Suppression of Rangeland Grasshoppers - James L. Vaughn, Wayne M. Brooks, John L. Capinera, Terry L. Couch, and Joe V. Maddox

  •  

I.5 Identification of Fungal Pathogens of Grasshoppers - Michael J. Bidochka and Donald W. Roberts

  •  

I.6 Grasshopper Pathogens and Integrated Pest Management - Donald L. Hostetter and Douglas A. Streett

  •  

I.7 Insect Predators and Parasites of Grasshopper Eggs - Richard J. Dysart

  •  

I.8 Natural Enemies Attacking Grasshopper Nymphs and Adults - D. L. Hostetter

  •  

I.9 Mites and Nematode Parasites of Grasshoppers - G. E. Belovsky, D. Branson, J. Chase, J. Barker, and G. Hammond

  •  

I.10 Birds and Wildlife as Grasshopper Predators - L. C. McEwen, B. E. Petersen, and C. M. Althouse

  •  

I.11 Enhancing Biological Control of Grasshoppers by Construction and Placement of Bird Nest Boxes - B. E. Petersen, L. C. McEwen, and C. M. Althouse

  •  

I.12 The Biological Control Potential of Parasites, Predators, and Fungal Pathogens - D. L. Hostetter and R. J. Dysart


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Section II. Chemical Control, identifies available chemical insecticides, application methods, and rationale for selecting certain insecticides for grasshopper control. Since this chapter was written, new methods have been developed that reduce pesticide application rates, costs, and environmental concerns while retaining effectiveness (RAATs brochure).

Important Note: Since this chapter was written, new methods have been developed that reduce pesticide load in the environment while retaining cost effectiveness See Management section. Pesticide registrations change frequently. As of 2004, Acephate is no longer registered, while Dimilin is registered for grasshopper control on rangeland.

  •  

II.1  Introduction to Chemical Control - R. Nelson Foster

  •  

II.2  Evaluation of Rangeland Grasshopper Controls: A General Protocol for Efficacy Studies of Insecticides Applied From the Air - R. Nelson Foster and K. C. Reuter

  •  

II.3  Sprays versus Baits - R. Nelson Foster and Jerome A. Onsager

  •  

II.4  A Review of Chemical Sprays in Cooperative Rangeland Control Programs - R. Nelson Foster and Jerome Onsager

  •  

II.5  Success With Reduced Rates of Carbaryl, Malathion, and Acephate Sprays - K. Christian Reuter and R. Nelson Foster

  •  

II.6  Using Hopper To Adapt Treatments and Costs to Needs and Resources - John Larsen and R. Nelson Foster

  •  

II.7  Factors Affecting Application and Chemical Deposition - Robert Sanderson and Ellis Huddleston

  •  

II.8  Calibration of Aerially Applied Sprays - Billy Tanner and T. J. Roland

  •  

II.9  Ground Equipment for Hot-Spot Treatments With Chemical Sprays - Ellis Huddleston, Robert Sanderson, and James Ross

  •  

II.10  Treating Localized Hot-Spots of Rangeland Grasshoppers: A Preventative Strategy With Promise - Jeffrey A. Lockwood, Michael J. Brewer, and Scott P. Schell

  •  

II.11  Baits for Controlling Rangeland Grasshoppers: An Overview - R. Nelson Foster

  •  

II.12  Bait Acceptance by Different Grasshopper Species and Instars - Jerome A. Onsager, R. Nelson Foster, and Larry Jech

  •  

II.13  What, When, and Where Do Grasshoppers Eat? -Larry Jech

  •  

II.14  Effect of Multiple Concentrations and Rates of Carbaryl-Bran Bait  - Mark A. Quinn, R. Nelson Foster, and K. C. Reuter

  •  

II.15  Comparison of Single and Multiple Applications of Bran Bait - Mark A. Quinn, R. Nelson Foster, and K. C. Reuter

  •  

II.16  Improving the Economics of Grasshopper Bait Application: Efficacy and Swath Comparison of an Experimental and Standard Aircraft Spreader - R. N. Foster, D. D. Walgenbach, J. A. Henderson, G. Rodriguez, L. E. Jech, D. Colletto, W. Meeks, C. Jackson, J. Patterson, K. C. Reuter, and Mike W. Sampson

  •  

II.17  Efficacy of an Extended Swath With Carbaryl-Bran Bait - K. Christian Reuter, R. Nelson Foster, and Wendal J. Cushing

  •  

II.18  Equipment Modification, Swath Width Determination, and Calibration for Aerial Application of Bran Bait With Single-Engine Fixed-Wing Aircraft - R. N. Foster and T. J. Roland

  •  

II.19  Ground Application of Bran Bait Insecticides - M. A. Boetel, B. W. Fuller, L. E. Jech, and R. N. Foster

  •  

II.20  Alaska's Cooperative Bait Program - Wayne Vandre and Don Quarberg

  •  

II.21  Bran Bait or Liquid Insecticide Treatments for Managing Grasshoppers on Croplands Adjacent to Rangeland or Conservation Reserve Program Acreages - B. W. Fuller, M. A. Catangui, M. A. Boetel, R. N. Foster, T. Wang, D. D. Walgenbach, and A. W. Walz

  •  

II.22  Aircraft Guidance for Grasshopper Control on Rangelands - Gil Rodriguez and T. J. Roland


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Section III. Environmental Monitoring and Evaluation, examines the effects of grasshopper treatments on non-target organisms and the environment and includes monitoring techniques.

  •  

III.1 Introduction - L. C. McEwen

  •  

III.2 Direct and Indirect Effects of Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Chemicals and Biologicals on Nontarget Animal Life - L. C. McEwen, C. M. Althouse, and B. E. Petersen

  •  

III.3 Impact of Control Programs on Nontarget Arthropods - Mark A. Quinn

  •  

III.4 Direct and Indirect Effects of Insecticides on Native Bees - D. G. Alston and V. J. Tepedino

  •  

III.5 The Reproductive Biology of Rare Rangeland Plants and Their Vulnerability to Insecticides - Vincent J. Tepedino

  •  

III.6 Grasshopper Treatment Effects on Aquatic Communities - D. W. Beyers and L. C. McEwen

  •  

III.7 Bioindicator Species for Evaluating Potential Effects of Pesticides on Threatened and Endangered Wildlife - L. C. McEwen, B. E. Petersen, and C. M. Althouse

  •  

III.8 Buffer Zones: Their Purpose and Significance in Grasshopper Control Programs - L. K. Winks, L. C. McEwen, R. N. Foster, Mike W. Sampson, Michael Green, and V. J. Tepedino

  •  

III.9 Environmental Monitoring of Grasshopper Control Programs - Michael T. Green

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Section IV. Modeling and Population Dynamics, provides an overview of modeling of grasshopper populations and grasshopper population dynamics.

  •  

IV.1 What Modeling Is and How It Works - Jerome A. Onsager

  •  

IV.2 Grasshopper Egg Development: the Role of Temperature in Predicting Egg Hatch  - J. R. Fisher, W. P. Kemp, F. B. Pierson, and J. R. Wight

  •  

IV.3 Grasshoppers and Vegetation Communities  - Anthony Joern, William P. Kemp, Gary E. Belovsky, and Kevin O' Neill

  •  

IV.4 Host Plant Quality and Grasshopper Populations  - Anthony Joern

  •  

IV.5 Environmental Factors That Affect Plant Quality  - Anthony Joern

  •  

IV.6 Melanoplus sanguinipes Phenology North-South Across the Western United States - J. R. Fisher, W. P. Kemp, and J. S. Berry

  •  

IV.7 Nutritional Needs and Control of Feeding  - Anthony Joern

  •  

IV.8 Recognizing and Managing Potential Outbreak Conditions  - G. E. Belovsky, J. A. Lockwood, and K. Winks

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Section V. Rangeland Management, explains how various range-management techniques can affect grasshopper populations and why grazing systems are a factor in grasshopper management. Also see Management section.

  •  

V.1 The Importance of Grazing Strategies to Grasshopper Management: An Introduction - Jerome A. Onsager

  •  

V.2 Historical Trends in Grasshopper Populations in Southern Idaho - Dennis J. Fielding and M. A. Brusven

  •  

V.3 Associations Between Grasshoppers and Plant Communities on the Snake River Plains of Idaho - Dennis J. Fielding and M. A. Brusven

  •  

V.4 Utilization of Nonnative Rangeland Plants by Grasshoppers on the Snake River Plains of Idaho - Dennis J. Fielding and M. A. Brusven

  •  

V.5 Local Movement of Grasshoppers Between Public Rangeland and Irrigated Pastures in Southern Idaho - M. A. Brusven, Dennis J. Fielding, Leslie P. Kish, and Russell C. Biggam

  •  

V.6 Grazing Effects on Grasshopper Populations in Southern Idaho - Dennis J. Fielding and M. A. Brusven

  •  

V.7 Beneficial Changes of Rangeland Through Proper Grazing - Llewellyn L. Manske

  •  

V.8 Herbage Production, Phenology, and Soil Moisture Dynamics for Plant Communities in Western North Dakota - Daniel W. Uresk and Ardell J. Bjugstad

  •  

V.9 Simulation of Near-Surface Soil Temperature on Rangelands - F. B. Pierson, J. R. Wight, G. N. Flerchinger, W. P. Kemp, and J. R. Fisher

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Section VI. Decision Support Tools, provides “hands-on” management and grasshopper identification tools and decision support software. Economic threshold and survey sampling procedures also are discussed. Also see “CARMA Decision Support Software”

  •  

VI.1 The Importance of Making Correct Decisions - Jerome A. Onsager

  •  

VI.2 Hopper, Version 4.0, Users' Guide: Decision Support System for Rangeland Grasshopper Management - James S. Berry, William P. Kemp, and Jerome A. Onsager

  •  

VI.3 Applying Economics to Grasshopper Management - Melvin D. Skold and Robert M. Davis

  •  

VI.4 Regional Economic Thresholds in Grasshopper Management - Robert M. Davis and Melvin D. Skold

  •  

VI.5 Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers - R. Nelson Foster and Mike W. Sampson

  •  

VI.6 Relative Importance of Rangeland Grasshoppers in Western North America: A Numerical Ranking From the Literature - Richard J. Dysart

  •  

VI.7 Hopper Helper - Wendal Cushing

  •  

VI.8 Seasonal Occurrence of Common Western North Dakota Grasshoppers - W. J. Cushing, R. N. Foster, K. C. Reuter, and Dave Hirsch

  •  

VI.9 Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Integrated Pest Management of Insects - W. P. Kemp, D. McNeal, and M. M. Cigliano

  •  

VI.10 Assessing Rangeland Grasshopper Populations - James S. Berry, Jerome A. Onsager, William P. Kemp, T. McNary, John Larsen, D. Legg, Jeffrey A. Lockwood, and R. Nelson Foster

  •  

VI.11 Major Grasshopper Species of the Western Rangeland States and Alaska - R. Nelson Foster

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Section VII. Future Directions, Future Directions, presents an overview of key trends in and components of grasshopper IPM that need further study and development.

  •  

VII.1 Future Directions in Grasshopper Management - An Introduction - Jerome A. Onsager

  •  

VII.2 Dimilin®Spray for Reducing Rangeland Grasshopper Populations - R. N. Foster and K. Christian Reuter

  •  

VII.3 Impact of Dimilin® on Nontarget Arthropods and Its Efficacy Against Rangeland Grasshoppers - Michael A. Catangui, Billy W. Fuller, and Arnie W. Walz

  •  

VII.4 An Attempt at Classical Biological Control of Rangeland Grasshoppers With Entomophaga grylli, Pathotype 3 - Donald L. Hostetter

  •  

VII.5 Lab Studies and Field Trials With the Fungus Beauveria bassiana Against Grasshoppers - R. Nelson Foster, K. Christian Reuter, Jim Britton, and Cliff Bradley

  •  

VII.6 Beauveria bassiana for Mormon Crickets - D. A. Streett and S. A. Woods

  •  

VII.7 Effects of the Fungus Beauveria bassiana on Nontarget Arthropods - Mark A. Brinkman, Billy W. Fuller, and Michael B. Hildreth

  •  

VII.8 Grasshopper Viruses - D. A. Streett and S. A. Woods

  •  

VII.9 Use of an Australian Parasite of Grasshopper Eggs as a Biological Control Agent - Richard J. Dysart

  •  

VII.10 Ongoing Environmental Concerns - L. C. McEwen

  •  

VII.11 Implications of Ecosystem Management and Information-Processing Technologies - W. P. Kemp, D. McNeal, and M. M. Cigliano

  •  

VII.12 Rangeland Environmental Amenities and Grasshopper Management Programs - Melvin D. Skold and Andrew W. Kitts

  •  

VII.13 Grasshopper Communities and Methodology - Anthony Joern

  •  

VII.14 Grasshopper Population Regulation - G. E. Belovsky

  •  

VII.15 Grasshopper Habitat Manipulation - G. E. Belovsky, M. A. Brusven, D. J. Fielding, and L. Manske

  •  

VII.16 Grasshoppers-Plus and Minus: The Grasshopper Problem on a Regional Basis and a Look at Beneficial Effects of Grasshoppers - G. E. Belovsky, A. Joern, and J. Lockwood

Appendixes

  •  

Appendix 1: Grasshopper Integrated Pest Management Project Cooperators and Authors Affiliations

  •  

Field Guide to Common Western Grasshoppers - Robert E. Pfadt

  •  

Grasshopper Species Fact Sheets (Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin 912) - Robert E. Pfadt

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